¿Qué tipo de Iglesia tiene salvación?, Leonardo Boff

El centro de la predicación de Jesús no fue la Iglesia sino el Reino de Dios: una utopía de revolución/reconciliación total de toda la creación. Es tan cierto esto que los evangelios, a excepción del de san Mateo, nunca hablan de Iglesia sino siempre de Reino. Con el rechazo a la persona y al mensaje de Jesús, el Reino no vino y en su lugar surgió la Iglesia como comunidad de los que dan testimonio de la resurrección de Jesús y guardan su legado intentando vivirlo en la historia.

Desde su inicio se estableció una bifurcación: el grueso de los fieles asumió el cristianismo como camino espiritual, en diálogo con la cultura ambiente. Y otro grupo, mucho menor, aceptó asumir, bajo control del Emperador, la conducción moral del Imperio romano en franca decadencia. Copió las estructuras jurídico-políticas imperiales para la organización de la comunidad de fe. Ese grupo, la jerarquía, se estructuró alrededor de la categoría «poder sagrado» (sacra potestas). Fue un camino de altísimo riesgo, porque si hay una cosa que Cristo siempre rechazó fue el poder. Para él, el poder en sus tres expresiones, como aparece en las tentaciones en el desierto –el profético, el religioso y el político–, cuando no es servicio sino dominación pertenece a la esfera de lo diabólico. Sin embargo este fue el camino recorrido por la Iglesia-institución jerárquica bajo la forma de una monarquía absolutista que rechaza hacer partícipes de ese poder a los laicos, la gran mayoría de los fieles. Ella nos llega hasta nuestros días en un contexto de gravísima crisis de confiabilidad.

Ocurre que cuando predomina el poder, se ahuyenta el amor. Efectivamente, el estilo de organización de la Iglesia jerárquica es burocrático, formal y a veces inflexible. En ella todo se cobra, nada se olvida y nunca se perdona. Prácticamente no hay espacio para la misericordia y para una verdadera comprensión de los divorciados y de los homoafectivos. La imposición del celibato a los sacerdotes, el enraizado antifeminismo, la desconfianza de todo lo que tiene que ver con sexualidad y placer, el culto a la personalidad del papa y su pretensión de ser la única Iglesia verdadera y la «única guardiana establecida por Dios de la eterna, universal e inmutable ley natural», que así, en palabras de Benedicto XVI, «asume una función directiva sobre toda la humanidad». El entonces cardenal Ratzinger todavía en el año 2000 repitió en el documento Dominus Jesus la doctrina medieval de que «fuera de la Iglesia no hay salvación» y que los de afuera «corren grave riesgo de perderse». Este tipo de Iglesia seguramente no tiene salvación. Lentamente pierde sostenibilidad en todo el mundo.

¿Cuál sería la Iglesia digna de salvación? Aquella que humildemente vuelve a la figura del Jesús histórico, obrero simple y profético, Hijo encarnado, imbuido de una misión divina de anunciar que Dios está ahí con su gracia y misericordia para todos; una Iglesia que reconoce a las demás Iglesias como expresiones diferentes de la herencia sagrada de Jesús; que se abre al diálogo con todas las demás religiones y caminos espirituales viendo ahí la acción del Espíritu que llega siempre antes que el misionero; que está dispuesta a aprender de toda la sabiduría acumulada de la humanidad; que renuncia a todo poder y espectacularización de la fe para que no sea mera fachada de una vitalidad inexistente; que se presenta como «abogada y defensora» de los oprimidos de cualquier clase, dispuesta a sufrir persecuciones y martirios a semejanza de su fundador; que en ella el papa tuviese el valor de renunciar a la pretensión de poder jurídico sobre todos y fuese señal de referencia y de unidad de la Propuesta Cristiana con la misión pastoral de fortalecer a todos en la fe, en la esperanza y en el amor.

Esta Iglesia está en el ámbito de nuestras posibilidades. Basta imbuirnos del espíritu del Nazareno. Entonces sería verdaderamente la Iglesia de los humanos, de Jesús, de Dios, la comprobación de que la utopía de Jesús del Reino es verdadera. Sería un espacio de realización del Reino de los liberados al cual estamos convocados todos.

¿Qué tipo de Iglesia en crisis y degeneración?

La Iglesia católica jerárquica está inmersa en una grave crisis de autoridad, de credibilidad y de liderazgo, debido a varios escándalos financieros, pero de manera criminal por causa de los pedófilos: curas, obispos y un cardenal.

Crisis de autoridad, de credibilidad y de liderazgo de la Iglesia institucional

Tales hechos han socavado la autoridad eclesiástica que se ha visto profundamente golpeada por los distintos intentos de negar, disimular y, finalmente, ocultar actos criminales referentes a la pedofilia de los curas, hasta el punto de que un tribunal de justicia de Oregón (Estados Unidos), a pesar de la inmunidad jurídica del Estado Vaticano, pretendía llevar a los tribunales a autoridades eclesiásticas romanas, eventualmente hasta al entonces cardenal Joseph Ratzinger, por negarse a aplicar sanciones contra el padre Lawrence Murphy que entre 1950-1975 había abusado sexualmente de doscientos jóvenes sordos. Y particularmente por su carta de 2001 enviada a los obispos, impidiéndoles, bajo duras penas canónicas, denunciar a los pedófilos a la justicia civil. Esta actitud fue considerada como complicidad en el crimen e intento de encubrimiento, lo que configura un delito.

Tales actitudes antiéticas han erosionado la credibilidad de la institución. ¿Cómo puede pretender ser «especialista en derechos humanos» y «madre y maestra de la verdad y de la moral» si, por obras y omisiones, niega abiertamente lo que predica?

La crisis es también de liderazgo pues Benedicto XVI ha cometido varios errores de gobierno referentes a los evangélicos, a los musulmanes, a los judíos, a las mujeres, y al espíritu del Vaticano II al hacer concesiones a los seguidores del obispo cismático Lefebvre como la reintroducción de la misa en latín y la oración por la conversión de los judíos infieles y, en general, por causa de su enfrentamiento obsesivo contra la modernidad, vista negativamente como decadencia y fuente de todo tipo de errores, especialmente, del relativismo. Éste es obstinadamente condenado pero, curiosamente, a partir de la misma perspectiva, sólo que a la inversa: la de un riguroso absolutismo. No es una estrategia inteligente combatir un error con otro error, sólo que a partir del polo opuesto.

Las consecuencias se están mostrando desastrosas. Veamos por ejemplo a la Iglesia católica alemana, considerada como muy sólida: solamente en 2010 se desvincularon de la institución 250 mil fieles, el doble que en 2009 (Hans Küng ¿Tiene salvación la Iglesia?, 2012, 20). Esta emigración interna se está dando en todo el mundo, especialmente en Estados Unidos e Irlanda, donde el caso de los pedófilos ha alcanzado niveles epidémicos. En Brasil, entre otros motivos, la desmoralización de la institución vaticana ha ayudado a que las cifras de católicos hayan disminuido drásticamente. El censo del IBGE muestra que entre 2000 y 2010 la parcela católica cayó del 73,6% al 64,6%. En la diócesis de Río, dirigida durante 30 años por un arzobispo autoritario y a veces despótico como don Eugênio Salles, el número de católicos llegó al número históricamente más bajo de todos, sólo un 45,8%.

Esta crisis de la institución jerárquica católica ha puesto a la luz la estructura de poder y la forma como se organiza la dirección de la comunidad de los fieles. Se caracteriza por ser una monarquía absoluta, teniendo el papa, su Jefe, «poder ordinario, supremo, pleno, inmediato y universal» (canon 313), aumentado todavía con el atributo de la infalibilidad en asuntos de fe y de moral. En manos de la jerarquía se concentra el monopolio del poder y de la verdad, con señales claras de patriarcalismo, tradicionalismo, clericalismo, animosidad hacia el sexo y las mujeres. Se ha gestado lo que Hans Küng denomina «el sistema romano» cuyo eje articulador es la figura del papa con «plenitud de poder» (plenitudo potestatis) jurídico, único y exclusivo sobre toda la comunidad y sobre cada uno de los fieles.

El aumento del espíritu crítico, el acceso más fácil a los documentos históricos, la resistencia de los católicos más lúcidos a aceptar las razones altamente ideologizadas de la institución en su afán por autolegitimarse, invocando su origen divino y reclamando la voluntad de su fundador Jesús, han hecho que muchas personas se hayan alejado de este tipo de Iglesia o se hayan quedado totalmente indiferentes a ella. El mantenimiento de los fieles en la ignorancia y la estrategia de infundir miedo, como mostró el notable historiador Jean Delumeau (El miedo en Occidente, 1987), que fueron factores decisivos para la conversión de pueblos enteros en el pasado, hoy son inaceptables y sencillamente condenables.

Concretamente la comunidad cristiana está divida en dos cuerpos: el cuerpo clerical (del papa al diácono) que detenta de forma exclusiva el poder de mando, de la palabra, de la doctrina y de los instrumentos de salvación y el cuerpo laical, constituido por los fieles laicos, hombres y mujeres, sin ningún poder de decisión, a quienes corresponde oír, obedecer y ejecutar las determinaciones que vienen de arriba. Esto no es una caricatura, sino la descripción de lo que efectivamente ocurre y es sancionado por el derecho canónico.

A la jerarquía todo, al laico nada: testimonio de dos papas

Nada mejor que el testimonio de dos papas para explicitar esta división teológicamente problemática: Gregorio XVI (1831-1846): «Nadie puede desconocer que la Iglesia es una sociedad desigual en la cual Dios destinó a unos como gobernantes y a otros como servidores; éstos son los laicos, aquéllos son los clérigos». Pío X (1835-1914) es todavía más rígido: «Solamente el colegio de los pastores tiene el derecho y la autoridad de dirigir y gobernar; la masa no tiene ningún derecho a no ser el de dejarse gobernar, cual rebaño obediente que sigue a su pastor». Estas expresiones, que están a años luz del mensaje de Jesús, nunca han sido contradichas, y teóricamente siguen manteniendo su validez práctica.

El cuerpo laical, a su vez, también se ha organizado en movimientos y comunidades, tanto dentro del cuerpo clerical, como al margen. En ellos funciona el principio de comunión y de participación igualitaria, el poder es circular y rotativo, los servicios están distribuidos entre los miembros según sus capacidades y habilidades; todos participan, todos toman la palabra y se decide colectivamente sobre los caminos de la comunidad. El centro lo ocupa la Escritura, leída y comentada comunitariamente y aplicada a las situaciones concretas. No se opone a la Iglesia-institución jerárquica papal y hasta se alegra cuando alguien de la jerarquía participa de la vida de las comunidades. Pero hay que subrayar que sigue otra lógica, no paralela, sino diferente. Sin embargo no deja de sufrir con la división, pues la mayoría intuye que esa división no corresponde al sueño de Jesús de que «todos sean hermanos y hermanas y que nadie quiera ser llamado padre o maestro, porque uno solo es el Maestro, Cristo” (Mt 23,9-10). Esto resulta permanentemente negado.

¿Cuál de los dos tipos de Iglesia está en crisis y en franca degeneración en los días actuales? La Iglesia institución monárquico-absolutista, cuyas razones no consiguen convencer a los fieles ni se sostienen delante del sentido común ni ante el sentido del derecho y de la justicia que se han impuesto en la reflexión de los últimos siglos, no sin influencia del cristianismo. Este tipo de Iglesia no es ni progresista ni tradicionalista; es simplemente medieval, tributaria del iluminismo de los reyes absolutos por la gracia de Dios.

Las cosas no caen ya preparadas del cielo, ni salen de la manga de la túnica de Jesús. Se han ido constituyendo históricamente en un proceso lento pero persistente de acumulación de poder, hasta alcanzar el grado absoluto, igualado al poder de Dios (el Papa como representante de Dios). Aquí se cumple bien la perspicaz observación de Hobbes: «el poder no puede garantizarse si no es buscando más y más poder» hasta llegar a su forma suprema y divina. Esto fue lo que ha ocurrido con el poder de los papas romanos y la jerarquía católica. Esta forma concentradísima de poder ya constituyó el nudo de la crisis en el pasado y en la actualidad lo hace de forma más grave todavía.

En el próximo artículo estudiaremos con cierto detalle cómo se ha llegado a la actual monarquía absolutista y centralizadora de la Iglesia-institución.

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