Ya somos 7 mil millones de personas. ¿Habrá alimentos suficientes para todos? Hay varias respuestas. Escogemos una del grupo Agrimonde (véase Développement et civilisations, septiembre 2011) con base en Francia, que estudió la situación alimentaria de seis regiones críticas del planeta. El grupo de científicos es optimista, incluso para cuando seamos 9 mil millones de habitantes. Propone dos caminos: profundizar la conocida revolución verde de los años 60 del siglo pasado y la llamada doble revolución verde.
La revolución verde tuvo el mérito de refutar la tesis de Malthus, según la cual ocurriría un desequilibrio entre el crecimiento poblacional de proporciones geométricas y el crecimiento de alimenos en proporciones aritméticas, produciendo un colapso de la humanidad. Comprobó que con las nuevas tecnologías, una mayor utilización de las áreas agrícolas cultivables y una masiva aplicación de tóxicos, antes destinados a la guerra y ahora a la agricultura, se podía producir mucho más de lo que la población demandaba.
Tal previsión demostró ser acertada, pues hubo un salto significativo en la oferta de alimentos, aunque por causa de la falta de equidad del sistema neoliberal y capitalista, millones y millones de personas siguen teniendo una situación de hambre crónica y de miseria. Bien es verdad que ese crecimiento alimentario ha tenido un costo ecológico extremadamente alto: se envenenaron los suelos, se contaminaron las aguas, se empobreció la biodiversidad además de provocar erosión y desertificación en muchas regiones del mundo, especialmente en África.
Todo se agravó cuando los alimentos se volvieron una mercancía como cualquier otra en vez de ser considerados como medios de vida que, por su naturaleza, jamás deberían estar sujetos a la especulación de los mercados. La mesa está puesta con suficiente comida para todos pero los pobres no tienen acceso a ella por falta de recursos monetarios. Continúan hambrientos, y su número crece. El sistema neoliberal imperante apuesta todavía por este modelo, pues no necesita cambiar de lógica, tolerando convivir cínicamente con millones de personas hambrientas, consideradas irrelevantes para la acumulación sin límites.
Esta solución no sólo es miope, sino falsa, además de ser cruel y sin piedad. Los que todavía la defienden no toman en serio que la Tierra está innegablemente a la deriva y que el calentamiento global produce gran erosión de suelos, destrucción de cosechas y millones de emigrados climáticos. Para ellos la Tierra no pasa de ser un mero medio de producción, no la Casa Común, Gaia, que deber ser cuidada.
A decir verdad, quienes entienden de alimentos son los agricultores. Producen el 70% de todo lo que la humanidad consume. Por eso, deben ser oídos e incluidos en cualquier solución que sea tomada por el poder público, por las empresas, y por la sociedad, pues se trata de la supervivencia de todos.
Dada la superpoblación humana, cada pedazo de suelo debe ser aprovechado pero dentro del alcance y de los límites de su ecosistema; se deben utilizar o reciclar lo más posible todos los residuos orgánicos, economizar al máximo la energía, desarrollando las energías alternativas, favorecer la agricultura familiar, las cooperativas medianas y pequeñas. Y finalmente, ir hacia una democracia alimentaria en la cual productores y consumidores tomarán conciencia de las respectivas responsabilidades, con conocimiento e información acerca de la situación real de sostenibilidad del planeta, consumiendo de forma diferente, solidaria, frugal y sin desperdicios.
Tomando en cuenta tales datos, Agrimonde propone una doble revolución verde en el siguiente sentido: acepta prolongar la primera revolución verde con sus contradicciones ecológicas, pero simultáneamente propone una segunda revolución verde. Ésta implica que los consumidores incorporen hábitos cotidianos diferentes de los actuales, más conscientes de los impactos ambientales y abiertos a la solidaridad internacional para que el alimento sea de hecho un derecho accesible a todos.
Siendo optimistas, podemos decir que esta última propuesta es razonablemente sostenible. Se está organizando, de manera embrionaria en todas las partes del mundo, a través de la agricultura orgánica familiar, de pequeñas y medianas empresas, de la agricultura ecológica, de las ecovillas y otras formas más respetuosas con la naturaleza. Es viable y tal vez tenga que ser el camino obligatorio para la humanidad futura.
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Fonte: www.redescristianas.net/2011/12/10/%C2%BFes-posible-alimentar-a-siete-mil-millones-de-personasleonardo-boff-teologo
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